Table 1. Effect of ethyl pyruvate (EP) on sperm motion kinematics on different storage days

Storage (day)	Parameters¹⁾	Ethyl pyruvate (mM)						p-value²⁾
Storage (day)	Parameters¹⁾	0	0.1	0.25	0.5	0.75	1	0 vs. 0.1 mM	0 vs. 0.25 mM	0 vs. 0.5 mM	0 vs. 0.75 mM	0 vs. 1 mM
1	PR (%)	80.5 ± 1.0	81.0 ± 2.6	81.8 ± 1.6	80.5 ± 0.2	82.2 ± 1.4	82.2 ± 0.5	0.999	0.992	0.999	0.977	0.976
	LIN (%)	24.9 ± 0.8	26.1 ± 0.8	28.7 ± 1.5	27.0 ± 2.2	28.7 ± 1.5	27.2 ± 1.5	0.999	0.999	0.992	0.398	0.895
	STR (%)	53.4 ± 1.4	54.0 ± 0.7	54.1 ± 2.1	53.9 ± 1.4	52.4 ± 2.6	53.3 ± 0.6	0.997	0.997	0.999	0.971	0.999
	WOB (%)	53.0 ± 0.9	57.0 ± 3.4	54.8 ± 2.0	52.8 ± 2.3	54.5 ± 2.8	50.8 ± 1.6	0.327	0.933	0.999	0.959	0.857
	VCL (µm/s)	74.1 ± 0.7	71.3 ± 2.6	68.8 ± 2.0	73.3 ± 1.3	76.9 ± 2.4	80.0 ± 2.8	0.615	0.066	0.997	0.593	0.532
	VSL (µm/s)	13.4 ± 1.2	13.8 ± 2.5	13.9 ± 0.5	14.4 ± 2.5	14.0 ± 0.8	13.5 ± 2.1	0.999	0.998	0.977	0.997	0.998
	VAP (µm/s)	29.1 ± 0.4	31.3 ± 1.4	26.9 ± 1.4	28.7 ± 0.9	28.0 ± 3.5	31.0 ± 1.5	0.900	0.995	0.999	0.995	0.925
3	PR (%)	63.2 ± 1.4	63.9 ± 2.3	69.9 ± 2.7	75.5 ± 0.5	69.9 ± 2.7	63.3 ± 1.4	0.999	0.055	0.000	0.050	0.999
	LIN (%)	41.9 ± 1.5	38.5 ± 1.4	30.9 ± 0.5	33.1 ± 1.5	35.8 ± 0.5	37.3 ± 1.6	0.517	0.000	0.001	0.040	0.201
	STR (%)	52.6 ± 2.8	56.3 ± 0.7	59.9 ± 0.7	63.9 ± 0.4	53.7 ± 0.7	50.1 ± 1.7	0.052	0.000	0.000	0.963	0.455
	WOB (%)	65.9 ± 1.0	70.8 ± 0.3	56.1 ± 1.1	57.0 ± 1.2	60.97 ±2.5	63.8 ± 0.9	0.123	0.000	0.000	0.111	0.881
	VCL (µm/s)	53.5 ± 1.3	59.0 ± 0.8	59.0 ± 0.6	68.1 ± 0.8	58.1 ± 1.1	50.7 ± 1.0	0.051	0.049	0.000	0.132	0.541
	VSL (µm/s)	10.9 ± 0.5	12.0 ± 2.0	12.0 ± 0.8	14.1 ± 0.7	12.4 ± 1.6	9.2 ± 0.5	0.954	0.949	0.207	0.856	0.826
	VAP (µm/s)	16.0 ± 0.7	14.2 ± 2.3	17.5 ± 1.5	21.7 ± 0.8	18.7 ± 0.2	15.6 ± 0.7	0.940	0.967	0.088	0.999	0.557
5	PR (%)	50.9 ± 0.9	53.9 ± 1.0	55.3 ± 1.2	61.0 ± 0.7	58.9 ± 0.7	52.2 ± 2.8	0.626	0.232	0.000	0.005	0.979
	LIN (%)	33.0 ± 1.4	46.0 ± 1.4	47.6 ± 1.5	40.2 ± 0.5	41.6 ± 1.4	41.2 ± 2.0	0.000	0.000	0.001	0.001	0.003
	STR (%)	60.6 ± 0.6	61.9 ± 0.8	63.3 ± 1.5	66.1 ± 0.7	59.4 ± 1.1	60.7 ± 0.7	0.915	0.371	0.008	0.952	0.999
	WOB (%)	69.1 ± 0.4	67.5 ± 1.4	66.7 ± 1.1	58.8 ± 0.4	67.9 ± 2.1	69.7 ± 0.7	0.960	0.815	0.000	0.987	0.999
	VCL (µm/s)	23.5 ± 1.5	25.1 ± 0.6	29.5 ± 1.3	30.5 ± 1.0	28.1 ± 0.8	26.2 ± 1.0	0.947	0.029	0.008	0.148	0.660
	VSL (µm/s)	9.4 ± 0.7	10.8 ± 0.5	8.0 ± 0.7	13.1 ± 0.6	11.6 ± 1.4	7.1 ± 1.2	0.994	0.895	0.121	0.512	0.512
	VAP (µm/s)	12.9 ± 0.5	10.1 ± 0.7	11.9 ± 0.9	17.2 ± 0.9	17.1 ± 2.2	15.6 ± 2.1	0.708	0.995	0.298	0.320	0.736

The experiments were conducted four times with four different boars. The results for sperm motility and motion kinematics are provided as mean ± S.E.M.
p-values represent the comparison between the control and EP-treated samples (0.1–1 mM).
PR, progressive sperm motility; LIN, linearity index; STR, straightness index; WOB, oscillation index; VCL, curvilinear velocity; VSL, straight line velocity; VAP, average path velocity.