Table 1. Effect of ashwagandha extract (AE) on sperm motion kinematics on different storage days
| Storage (day) | AE (mg/mL) | p-value |
| Parameters | 0 | 1 | 5 | 10 | 20 | 50 | 0 vs. 1 | 0 vs. 5 | 0 vs. 10 | 0 vs. 20 | 0 vs. 50 |
| Day 1 | PR (%) | 84.1 ± 1.5 | 83.0 ± 2.2 | 83.4 ± 2.0 | 84.8 ± 0.9 | 81.8 ± 1.1 | 82.5 ± 0.7 | 0.957 | 0.994 | 0.992 | 0.447 | 0.599 |
| LIN (%) | 24.9 ± 1.0 | 23.6 ± 0.8 | 28.0 ± 0.8 | 25.6 ± 0.9 | 23.6 ± 1.6 | 29.9 ± 2.0 | 0.890 | 0.202 | 0.991 | 0.903 | 0.010 |
| STR (%) | 52.8 ± 0.9 | 48.3 ± 1.1 | 55.1 ± 1.3 | 51.1 ± 1.2 | 50.9 ± 1.0 | 56.1 ± 1.6 | 0.024 | 0.436 | 0.749 | 0.659 | 0.128 |
| WOB (%) | 46.1 ± 1.5 | 45.8 ± 0.8 | 48.3 ± 1.6 | 48.2 ± 1.0 | 47.8 ± 0.6 | 51.0 ± 1.2 | 1.000 | 0.889 | 0.966 | 0.962 | 0.220 |
| VCL (µm/s) | 80.9 ± 1.0 | 81.2 ± 1.2 | 76.4 ± 1.9 | 81.0 ± 0.9 | 76.4 ± 0.1 | 77.2 ± 0.7 | 1.000 | 0.035 | 1.000 | 0.034 | 0.113 |
| VSL (µm/s) | 18.7 ± 1.6 | 17.1 ± 1.3 | 18.4 ± 1.2 | 19.1 ± 1.2 | 16.6 ± 0.5 | 20.9 ± 1.2 | 0.835 | 1.000 | 0.999 | 0.620 | 0.531 |
| VAP (µm/s) | 37.4 ± 1.3 | 37.8 ± 0.4 | 32.9 ± 1.3 | 37.5 ± 1.4 | 34.9 ± 0.7 | 37.3 ± 1.2 | 1.000 | 0.036 | 1.000 | 0.450 | 1.000 |
| Day 3 | PR (%) | 42.6 ± 0.9 | 48.0 ± 0.3 | 52.8 ± 0.4 | 55.5 ± 1.7 | 55.0 ± 0 | 43.0 ± 0.6 | 0.004 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 1.000 |
| LIN (%) | 41.9 ± 1.2 | 34.8 ± 1.1 | 35.6 ± 1.2 | 30.0 ± 0.6 | 29.2 ± 1.0 | 29.1 ± 1.6 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| STR (%) | 63.9 ± 0.2 | 62.9 ± 1.5 | 61.5 ± 1.4 | 56.4 ± 0.6 | 58.2 ± 1.4 | 55.4 ± 1.1 | 0.959 | 0.417 | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| WOB (%) | 61.2 ± 1.2 | 52.3 ± 0.9 | 55.2 ± 1.0 | 62.1 ± 1.9 | 52.6 ± 2.2 | 49.4 ± 0.8 | 0.005 | 0.088 | 0.696 | 0.506 | 0.000 |
| VCL (µm/s) | 40.0 ± 0.1 | 35.8 ± 0.9 | 51.9 ± 1.5 | 42.5 ± 2.1 | 54.0 ± 1.4 | 52.5 ± 1.6 | 0.058 | 0.000 | 0.462 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| VSL (µm/s) | 11.7 ± 2.4 | 12.4 ± 1.7 | 14.2 ± 2.0 | 11.6 ± 0.4 | 15.2 ± 1.0 | 13.6 ± 0.9 | 0.995 | 0.330 | 1.000 | 0.107 | 0.678 |
| VAP (µm/s) | 20.6 ± 0.9 | 18.4 ± 0.8 | 32.4 ± 3.4 | 20.7 ± 0.3 | 25.2 ± 1.7 | 24.8 ± 1.1 | 0.570 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 0.033 | 0.061 |
| Day 5 | PR (%) | 23.9 ± 0.7 | 19.7 ± 0.4 | 21.9 ± 2.8 | 45.1 ± 0. | 32.0 ± 0.7 | 23.9 ± 0.8 | 0.033 | 0.626 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 1.000 |
| LIN (%) | 33.0 ± 0.7 | 44.2 ± 1.7 | 52.3 ± 1.6 | 36.9 ± 0.1 | 37.5 ± 2.2 | 34.1 ± 0.7 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.058 | 0.022 | 0.952 |
| STR (%) | 56.8 ± 0.7 | 66.1 ± 1.3 | 68.7 ± 1.7 | 60.9 ± 0.6 | 60.9 ± 1.3 | 57.4 ± 2.2 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.042 | 0.046 | 0.998 |
| WOB (%) | 54.6 ± 1.2 | 60.8 ± 0.9 | 69.1 ± 1.0 | 54.1 ± 1.9 | 58.2 ± 2.2 | 54.2 ± 0.8 | 0.072 | 0.000 | 0.894 | 0.528 | 1.000 |
| VCL (µm/s) | 28.0 ± 1.1 | 25.1 ± 1.6 | 25.7 ± 2.2 | 40.8 ± 0.2 | 36.0 ± 0.6 | 31.4 ± 1.9 | 0.279 | 0.476 | 0.000 | 0.004 | 0.579 |
| VSL (µm/s) | 8.1 ± 0.8 | 9.0 ± 0.6 | 10.6 ± 1.7 | 12.7 ± 0.3 | 9.9 ± 1.3 | 9.4 ± 0.3 | 0.981 | 0.409 | 0.021 | 0.714 | 0.909 |
| VAP (µm/s) | 14.0 ± 1.5 | 13.9 ± 0.5 | 15.7 ± 1.6 | 20.9 ± 0.6 | 18.5 ± 0.7 | 15.4 ± 1.4 | 1.000 | 0.809 | 0.000 | 0.038 | 0.888 |
The experiments were conducted three times with three different boars.
The results for sperm motility and motion kinematics are provided as mean ± S.E.M.
PR, progressive sperm motility; LIN, linearity index; STR, straightness index; WOB, oscillation index; VCL, curvilinear velocity; VSL, straight line velocity; VAP, average path velocity.