Table 2. Homeostatic model assessment indices of a one-year-old, intact male Maltese with meningoencephalitis of unknown etiology that developed diabetic ketoacidosis

	Values	Reference intervals	Healthy dogs (n = 6)
Glucose (mg/dL)*	504	65–118	106–113††
Insulin (µIU/mL)**	14.0	5.2–41.5	5.5–9.6††
HOMAinsulin sensitivity†	23.5	NA	76.2–133.9††
HOMAβ-cell function†	8.2	NA	48.2–70.5††

Blood glucose levels were determined using an automated analyzer (Hitachi; Hitachi High-Technologies, Tokyo, Japan).
Insulin levels were determined using a chemiluminescent immunoassay-based autoanalyzer (Immulite 1000; DPC, Los Angeles, CA, USA).
HOMA indices were calculated with nonlinear formulas in HOMA calculator (HOMA Calculator Version 2.2.3; Diabetes Trial Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK) validated in dogs. In some cases in which glucose or insulin concentrations exceeded value allowed by the HOMA calculator, the mathematical formula was used to calculate the HOMA indices:
HOMA_{insulin sensitivity}: ([Glucose] × [Insulin]) / 22.5.
HOMA_{β-cell function}: (20[Insulin]) / ([Glucose] – 3.5).
with glucose and insulin concentrations expressed in mM and µIU/mL, respectively.
Ranges of each values in age-matched control dogs (n = 6).
HOMA, homeostatic model assessment; NA, not applicable.